Kidney stones, also known as urinary stones or renal stones, are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can move through the urinary tract, causing severe pain and other symptoms.

Types of Urinary Stones

• Calcium Oxalate Stones: Most common; formed from calcium and oxalate in urine.
• Calcium Phosphate Stones: Associated with metabolic disorders.
• Uric Acid Stones: Caused by high uric acid levels, often due to gout or dehydration.
• Struvite Stones: Result of urinary tract infections; can grow large quickly.
• Cystine Stones: Rare, genetic condition leading to cystine leakage in urine.

Causes of Kidney Stones

Urinary stones form when the balance of minerals and water in the urine is disrupted, causing crystallization:

• Dehydration: Concentrated urine promotes stone formation.
• Diet: High sodium, protein, and sugar increase risk.
• Genetics: Family history plays a role.
• Medical Conditions: Obesity, gout, UTIs, and more can contribute.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

• Severe Pain (Renal Colic): Radiating from back to groin.
• Blood in Urine (Hematuria)
• Frequent or Painful Urination
• Cloudy or Foul-Smelling Urine
• Nausea and Vomiting

Diagnosis of Urinary Stones

• Urine Tests: Identify crystals or infection.
• Blood Tests: Check calcium and uric acid levels.
• Imaging:
  • X-ray (KUB)
  • Ultrasound
  • CT Scan

Treatment Options for Kidney Stones

1. Conservative Management (Small Stones)

• Hydration: Increase water intake.
• Pain Relievers: NSAIDs or prescribed medication.
• Alpha-blockers: Help relax ureter muscles.

2. Medical Procedures (Larger Stones)

• ESWL: Breaks stones with sound waves.
• Ureteroscopy: Uses a scope to remove or break stones.
• PCNL: For large kidney stones via a small incision.
• Open Surgery: Rare, last resort option.

Preventing Kidney Stones

• Hydration: Aim for 2–3 liters of water daily.
• Dietary Changes:
  • Reduce oxalate-rich foods (e.g., spinach, nuts).
  • Limit purines (e.g., red meat, alcohol).
  • Balance calcium intake via food.
• Lifestyle Tips:
  • Maintain a healthy weight.
  • Avoid sugary and salty foods.
  • Treat UTIs early.

Conclusion

Urinary stones are painful but treatable. Through early diagnosis, proper treatment, and lifestyle changes, most people can manage and prevent kidney stones effectively.

Concerned about kidney stone symptoms? Contact Dr. Debabrata Mukherjee today for expert advice and treatment options.